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Bacteria, fungi and plants can produce riboflavin, but other eukaryotes, such as humans, have lost the ability to make it. [9] Therefore, humans must obtain riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, from dietary sources. [14] Riboflavin is generally ingested in the small intestine and then transported to cells via carrier proteins. [9]
The overall reaction can be expressed this way: [10] Glucose + 2 NAD + + 2 P i + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + + 2 H 2 O + energy. Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase.
Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) + 6O 2 (g) → 6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O (l) + ~ 30ATP Cells undergoing aerobic respiration produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water, and up to 30 molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is directly used to produce energy, from each molecule of glucose in the presence of ...
The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The compound accepts or donates the equivalent of H −. [6] Such reactions (summarized in formula below) involve the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the reactant (R), in the form of a hydride ion (H −), and a proton (H +).
For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be an oxidoreductase: A – + B → A + B – In this example, A is the reductant (electron donor) and B is the oxidant (electron acceptor). In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis:
The brain also uses glucose during starvation, but most of the body's glucose is allocated to the skeletal muscles and red blood cells. The cost of the brain using too much glucose is muscle loss. If the brain and muscles relied entirely on glucose, the body would lose 50% of its nitrogen content in 8–10 days. [13]
Once glucose enters the cell, the first step is phosphorylation of glucose by a family of enzymes called hexokinases to form glucose 6-phosphate (G6P). This reaction consumes ATP, but it acts to keep the glucose concentration inside the cell low, promoting continuous transport of blood glucose into the cell through the plasma membrane transporters.
The polyol pathway is a two-step process that converts glucose to fructose. [1] In this pathway glucose is reduced to sorbitol, which is subsequently oxidized to fructose. It is also called the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway. The pathway is implicated in diabetic complications, especially in microvascular damage to the retina, [2] kidney, [3 ...