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John Bumpass Calhoun (May 11, 1917 – September 7, 1995) was an American ethologist and behavioral researcher noted for his studies of population density and its effects on behavior. He claimed that the bleak effects of overpopulation on rodents were a grim model for the future of the human race.
The term and concept derive from a series of over-population experiments Calhoun conducted on Norway rats between 1958 and 1962. [1] In the experiments, Calhoun and his researchers created a series of "rat utopias" [ 2 ] – enclosed spaces where rats were given unlimited access to food and water, enabling unfettered population growth.
Population density (people per km 2) by country. This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1.
Population density is defined as the population divided by land area. Data are from the US Census unless otherwise specified. Population data are for the year 2023 [2] and area data are for the year 2010. [3] Some population estimates for territories are from the United Nations Commission on Population and Development. [4]
Population density WD}}, without arguments, will show the population density of the current article subject, default in inhabitants per km 2. {{Population density WD|<page title>}}, will show the population density of the Wikipedia article page title stated in the first unnamed parameter.
The PDF is a histogram of collected distances and describes the probability that an object at distance y will be detected by an observer on the center line, with detections on the line itself (y = 0) assumed to be certain (P = 1). By preference, g(y) is a robust function that can represent data with unclear or weakly defined distribution ...
The sample comprises people born on one of four selected dates of birth and therefore makes up about 1% of the total population. The sample was initiated at the time of the 1971 Census, and the four dates were used to update the sample at the 1981,1991, 2001 and 2011 Censuses and in routine event registrations.
For example, if there are 20 people participating, each person could potentially connect to 19 other people. A density of 100% (19/19) is the greatest density in the system. A density of 5% indicates there is only 1 of 19 possible connections. [78] Centrality focuses on the behavior of individual participants within a network. It measures the ...