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The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
The sound values of these letters are related to those of the original letters, and their derivation may be iconic. [ note 9 ] For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex equivalents of the source letters, and small capital letters usually represent uvular equivalents of their source letters.
Within the chart “close”, “open”, “mid”, “front”, “central”, and “back” refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. [3] At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. [4]
See English-language vowel changes before historic /l/. Rounding following /w/ , resulting in the same two vowels as above, as in wash , what , quantity , water , warm . This change is typically blocked before a velar consonant , as in wag , quack and twang , and is also absent in swam (the irregular past tense of swim ).
The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 February 2025. Ligature of the Latin letters A and E This article is about the Latin-script ligature. For the Cyrillic letter, see Ӕ (Cyrillic). For the sound, see Near-open front unrounded vowel. For other uses, see AE (disambiguation). "Ash (character)" redirects here. Not to be confused with Ash ...
The Arabic letter غ (Arabic: غَيْنْ, ghayn or ġayn /ɣajn/) is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being thāʼ, khāʼ, dhāl, ḍād, ẓāʼ). It represents the sound /ɣ/ or /ʁ/. In name and shape, it is a variant of ʻayn (ع ).