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In learning to speak, Alex showed scientist Irene Pepperberg that he understood categorization like "same and different" and "bigger and smaller". He could identify objects by their shape ("Three-corner", "Four-corner", up to "Six-corner") and material: when shown a pom-pom or a wooden block, he could answer "Wool" or "Wood" correctly ...
A backchannel response can be verbal, non-verbal, or both. Backchannel responses are often phatic expressions, primarily serving a social or meta-conversational purpose, such as signifying the listener's attention, understanding, sympathy, or agreement, rather than conveying significant information. Examples of backchanneling in English include ...
In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. [82] The inner-circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. [73]
Former President Barack Obama recently suggested “it’s not racist” to say immigrants in the U.S. should learn English. Of course. Does that mean that they can never use their own language?
That method also claims to encourage learners to incorporate their personal experiences into their language learning environment and to focus on the learning experience, in addition to the learning of the target language. [1] According to CLT, the goal of language education is the ability to communicate in the target language. [2]
Preparing good lessons in SDAIE require awareness that the student is not a native English speaker and avoidance of those aspects of English that might make it difficult for a person learning English as a second language. This includes avoiding idiomatic English, which may seem natural to a native speaker but would confuse non-native speakers.
A disfluence or nonfluence is a non-pathological hesitance when speaking, the use of fillers (“like” or “uh”), or the repetition of a word or phrase. This needs to be distinguished from a fluency disorder like stuttering with an interruption of fluency of speech, accompanied by "excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerism".
A critic of the ape language research organized a "Clever Hans" conference in 1980 trumpeting the Nim study and suggesting that scientists working on animal language were charlatans. [42] To Irene Pepperburg , a research associate who had been working with a parrot named Alex , the conference came as a wakeup call, pushing her to avoid claims ...