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A Agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. challenging/detached) N Neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident) Data analysis demonstrated that higher scores for N and O, and lower scores for C and A, lead to increased risk of drug use. [47] [48] Users of different drugs have different five factor personality profiles. [49]
Avoidance coping is measured via a self-reported questionnaire. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was used, which is a 62-item questionnaire that assesses experiential avoidance, and thus avoidance coping, by measuring how many avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and how strongly they agree with each statement on a scale of 1–6. [1]
Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), or anxious personality disorder, is a cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli (e.g., self-imposed social isolation) as a maladaptive coping method. [1]
Losing a marriage or contact with children due to an unwillingness to experience uncomfortable feelings (e.g., achieved through drug or alcohol abuse) or symptoms of withdrawal. Not attending an important graduation, wedding, funeral, or other family event to try to avoid anxiety or symptoms of panic.
Causal relationships between insecure attachment and mental illness may be complex. [7] [8] [15] Some risk factors for insecure attachment such as loss of parental figure, and sexual or physical abuse, are also risk factors for mental health disorders. [8] Self-report measures of attachment may be biased by mental health conditions.
A dismissive-avoidant attachment style is demonstrated by those possessing a positive view of self and a negative view of others. [22] Adults with a dismissive style of avoidant attachment tend to agree with these statements: [23] I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient.
In addition to these findings supporting the global distributions of attachment classifications in Sapporo, Behrens et al. also discuss the Japanese concept of amae and its relevance to questions concerning whether the insecure-resistant (C) style of interaction may be engendered in Japanese infants as a result of the cultural practice of amae.
Clarification of terminology: The DMM avoids older attachment terms such as secure vs insecure, attachment categories and measures, attachment disorders, disorganized attachment, internal working models, and top level terms such as avoidant and ambivalent. It uses terms such as pathways of development instead of developmental trajectories.