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Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break).
A McCabe–Thiele diagram for the distillation of a binary (two-component) feed is constructed using the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data—which is how vapor is concentrated when in contact with its liquid form—for the component with the lower boiling point. Figure 1: Typical McCabe–Thiele diagram for distillation of a binary feed
Download QR code; In other projects ... This diagram uses embedded text that can be easily translated using a text editor. DD. ... Dry distillation; Extractive ...
Dry distillation (thermolysis and pyrolysis) is the heating of solid materials to produce gases that condense either into fluid products or into solid products. The term dry distillation includes the separation processes of destructive distillation and of chemical cracking, breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon ...
A process of heating oil shale to produce shale oil, oil shale gas, and spent shale is commonly called retorting. Airtight vessels to apply pressure as well as heat are called autoclaves . In the food industry , pressure cookers are often referred to as "retorts", meaning " canning retorts" for sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C).
Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high-boiling, relatively non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture. The method is used for mixtures having a low value of relative volatility, nearing unity. Such mixtures cannot be separated by simple ...
A typical hydrogen demand is ~80 kg [citation needed] hydrogen per ton of dry, ash-free coal. Generally, this process is similar to hydrogenation. The output is at three levels: heavy oil, middle oil, gasoline. The middle oil is hydrogenated in order to get more gasoline and the heavy oil is mixed with the coal again and the process restarts.
Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. Differential centrifugation . Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes , or isotopes , or a suspension ) is divided during a phase transition , into a number of smaller quantities ( fractions ...