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In Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Gauss–Codazzi equations (also called the Gauss–Codazzi–Weingarten-Mainardi equations or Gauss–Peterson–Codazzi formulas [1]) are fundamental formulas that link together the induced metric and second fundamental form of a submanifold of (or immersion into) a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold.
In differential geometry, a G-structure on an n-manifold M, for a given structure group [1] G, is a principal G-subbundle of the tangent frame bundle FM (or GL(M)) of M.. The notion of G-structures includes various classical structures that can be defined on manifolds, which in some cases are tensor fields.
If the manifold M is the connected sum of two manifolds both of which have b 2 + ≥ 1 then all Seiberg–Witten invariants of M vanish. If the manifold M is simply connected and symplectic and b 2 + (M) ≥ 2 then it has a spin c structure s on which the Seiberg–Witten invariant is 1.
Spivak, Michael (1999) A Comprehensive Introduction to Differential Geometry (3rd edition) Publish or Perish Inc. Encyclopedic five-volume series presenting a systematic treatment of the theory of manifolds, Riemannian geometry, classical differential geometry, and numerous other topics at the first- and second-year graduate levels.
In differential geometry, a G 2 manifold or Joyce manifold is a seven-dimensional Riemannian manifold with holonomy group contained in G 2. The group G 2 {\displaystyle G_{2}} is one of the five exceptional simple Lie groups .
Riemannian geometry, the study of Riemannian manifolds, has deep connections to other areas of math, including geometric topology, complex geometry, and algebraic geometry. Applications include physics (especially general relativity and gauge theory ), computer graphics , machine learning , and cartography .
There are three main types of structures important on manifolds. The foundational geometric structures are piecewise linear, mostly studied in geometric topology, and smooth manifold structures on a given topological manifold, which are the concern of differential topology as far as classification goes. Building on a smooth structure, there are:
An extension of the fundamental theorem states that given a pseudo-Riemannian manifold there is a unique connection preserving the metric tensor, with any given vector-valued 2-form as its torsion. The difference between an arbitrary connection (with torsion) and the corresponding Levi-Civita connection is the contorsion tensor .