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  2. List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gravitationally...

    This formula is a simplified version of that in section 2.2 of Stansberry et al., 2007, [39] where emissivity and beaming parameter were assumed to equal unity, and was replaced with 4, accounting for the difference between circle and sphere. All parameters mentioned above were taken from the same paper.

  3. Propagation of uncertainty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty

    This formula is based on the linear characteristics of the gradient of and therefore it is a good estimation for the standard deviation of as long as ,,, … are small enough. Specifically, the linear approximation of f {\displaystyle f} has to be close to f {\displaystyle f} inside a neighbourhood of radius s x , s y , s z , … {\displaystyle ...

  4. Sunrise equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_equation

    In the equation given at the beginning, the cosine function on the left side gives results in the range [-1, 1], but the value of the expression on the right side is in the range [,].

  5. Radian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian

    One radian is defined as the angle at the center of a circle in a plane that subtends an arc whose length equals the radius of the circle. [6] More generally, the magnitude in radians of a subtended angle is equal to the ratio of the arc length to the radius of the circle; that is, =, where θ is the magnitude in radians of the subtended angle, s is arc length, and r is radius.

  6. Orbital eccentricity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity

    The word "eccentricity" comes from Medieval Latin eccentricus, derived from Greek ἔκκεντρος ekkentros "out of the center", from ἐκ-ek-, "out of" + κέντρον kentron "center". "Eccentric" first appeared in English in 1551, with the definition "...a circle in which the earth, sun. etc. deviates from its center".

  7. Gravitational binding energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy

    For a spherical body of uniform density, the gravitational binding energy U is given in Newtonian gravity by the formula [2] [3] = where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the sphere, and R is its radius.

  8. Gravitational constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant

    The gravitational constant G is a key quantity in Newton's law of universal gravitation.. The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.

  9. Logistic map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_map

    This formula was derived for p to be a prime number, but in fact it is possible to calculate with good accuracy the number of stable p- periodic points for non-prime p as well. The window width (the difference between a where the window begins and a where the window ends) is widest for windows with period 3 and narrows for larger periods.