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Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. [1] Several species cause Lyme disease , also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic , vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks . Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever , and are transmitted by ticks or lice , depending on the species of bacteria. [ 2 ]
Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes. [4] [9] [10] The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. [1]
Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia, [1] which has 52 known species. Three species (Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia burgdorferi s.s.) are the main causative agents of the disease in humans, [2] while a number of others have been implicated as possibly pathogenic.
Borrelia burgdorferi is a microaerophile, requiring small amounts of oxygen in order to undergo glycolysis and survive. Like all other Borrelia sps., this bacterium is also gram-negative and a spirochete. Borrelia colonies are often smaller, rounded, and white with an elevated center. [7] B. burgdorferi possesses flagella that allow it motility.
Borrelia miyamotoi is a bacterium of the spirochete phylum in the genus Borrelia. A zoonotic organism, B. miyamotoi can infect humans through the bite of several species of hard-shell Ixodes ticks, the same kind of ticks that spread B. burgdorferi , the causative bacterium of Lyme disease .
Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia endemic to parts of Eurasia where it is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease. It is transmitted by hard-bodied ticks of the Ixodes genus ( Ixodes ricinus in Europe, and Ixodes persulcatus in temperate regions of Asia), infecting various wild mammals in nature.
Neuroborreliosis is often preceded by the typical symptoms of Lyme disease, which include erythema migrans and flu-like symptoms such as fever and muscle aches. Neurologic symptoms of neuroborreliosis include the meningoradiculitis (which is more common in European patients), cranial nerve abnormalities, and altered mental status.
Borrelia hermsii is a spirochete bacterium representing the endemic causative agent of tick-borne relapsing fever in eastern regions of North America (more specifically, the eastern United States, and British Columbia region of Canada).