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A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...
The collection includes videos, each just a few minutes long, for all 118 known elements with a video for each element, as well as many additional supplemental chemistry videos. The 118 element videos and introduction videos were all shot unscripted in June and July 2008. [5] Since the initial videos were completed in 2008 the team has been ...
Atomic-resolution real-time video imaging allows visualization of the initial stage of crystal nucleation of sodium chloride. [ 26 ] The Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W/(cm K) at 8 K (−265.15 °C; −445.27 °F) and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K (41 °C; 106 °F).
In nature, only elements up to atomic number 94 exist; [a] to go further, it was necessary to synthesize new elements in the laboratory. By 2010, the first 118 elements were known, thereby completing the first seven rows of the table; [ 1 ] however, chemical characterization is still needed for the heaviest elements to confirm that their ...
The name of the cation (the unmodified element name for monatomic cations) comes first, followed by the name of the anion. [100] [101] For example, MgCl 2 is named magnesium chloride, and Na 2 SO 4 is named sodium sulfate (SO 2− 4, sulfate, is an example of a polyatomic ion).
For an example, see Ice § Phases. Liquid: A mostly non-compressible fluid. Able to conform to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. Gas: A compressible fluid. Not only will a gas take the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.
In addition, calcium chloride is widely used as a de-icer, since it is effective in lowering the melting point when applied to ice. [ 23 ] Examples of covalently-bonded chlorides are phosphorus trichloride , phosphorus pentachloride , and thionyl chloride , all three of which are reactive chlorinating reagents that have been used in a laboratory .
Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite, and halite (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved ...