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A large number of Indian Standard (IS) codes are available that are meant for virtually every aspect of civil engineering one can think of. During one's professional life one normally uses only a handful of them depending on the nature of work they are involved in. Civil engineers engaged in construction activities of large projects usually have to refer to a good number of IS codes as such ...
Grade beam. A grade beam or grade beam footing is a component of a building's foundation. It consists of a reinforced concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons. [1] It is used in conditions where the surface soil's load-bearing capacity is less than the anticipated design loads.
In the context to structural analysis, a structure refers to a body or system of connected parts used to support a load. Important examples related to Civil Engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers; and in other branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical systems, and electrical supporting structures are important.
l B: Length of the reference beam (between the loading points, symmetrically placed relative to the loading points) in mm; D L: Distance between the reference beam and the main beam (centered between the loading points) in mm; E: Bending modulus in kN/mm²; l v: Span length in mm; X H: End of bending modulus determination in kN
Historically a beam is a squared timber, but may also be made of metal, stone, or a combination of wood and metal [1] such as a flitch beam.Beams primarily carry vertical gravitational forces, but they are also used to carry horizontal loads such as those due to earthquake or wind, or in tension to resist rafter thrust or compression (collar beam).
Shear and Bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at mid-span. Shear force and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear forces and bending moments at a given point of a structural element such as a beam.
A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads, composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. For design purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender columns.
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.