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  2. Corundum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum

    Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. [3] [4] It is a rock-forming mineral.It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. [7]

  3. Gemstone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

    The specific gem ingredients are added and dissolved in this fluid and recrystallize to form the desired gemstone.This is a longer process compared to the flame fusion process and can take two months up to a year depending on the desired final size.

  4. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

    Actinolite. Nephrite (var.); Adamite; Aegirine; Afghanite; Agrellite; Algodonite; Alunite; Amblygonite; Analcime; Anatase; Andalusite. Chiastolite; Andesine ...

  5. GEMS Education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEMS_Education

    GEMS Education, founded as Global Education Management Systems (GEMS), is an international education company. It is one of the world's largest private school operators, [ 1 ] and as of late 2022 it operates more than 60 schools across the Middle East and North Africa , and also has schools in Asia , Europe , and North America . [ 1 ]

  6. List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state...

    In 1986, California named benitoite as its state gemstone, a form of the mineral barium titanium silicate that is unique to the Golden State and only found in gem quality in San Benito County. [ 80 ] ^ Colorado is the only state whose geological symbols reflect the national flag's colors: red (rhodochrosite), white (yule marble), and blue ...

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  8. Gemology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemology

    The powdered gem mineral is then melted (or a metallic mixture directly burned in an oxygen flame) the residue of which then drips through a furnace onto a boule. The boule where the corundum or spinel cools down and crystallizes, spins and thus causes the curved striations, which are diagnostic for a lab-created gem: Natural corundum does not ...

  9. Cabochon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabochon

    Cutting en cabochon (French: "in the manner of a cabochon") is usually applied to opaque gems, while faceting is usually used for transparent stones. Hardness is also taken into account as softer gemstones with a hardness lower than 7 on the Mohs hardness scale are easily scratched, mainly by silicon dioxide in dust and grit.