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According to the social exchange theory, group membership will be more satisfying to a new prospective member if the group's outcomes, in terms of costs and rewards, are above the individual's comparison level. As well, group membership will be unsatisfying to a new member if the outcomes are below the individual's comparison level. [29]
A reference group can be either from a membership group or non-membership group. An example of a reference group being used would be the determination of affluence. An individual in the U.S. with an annual income of $80,000, may consider themself affluent if they compare themself to those in the middle of the income strata, who earn roughly ...
This theory explores roles, such as one's occupation, or group membership, such as musician. Organizational identity was famously defined by Albert and Whetten as the "central, distinctive and enduring characteristic of an organization," [29] and consisted of three principal components: ideational, definitional and phenomenological. [30]
In the contingency theory of leadership, the success of the leader is a function of various factors in the form of subordinate, task, and/ or group variables. The following theories stress using different styles of leadership appropriate to the needs created by different organizational situations.
Self-categorization theory explains the contexts in which an individual perceives a collection of people as a group and the psychological processes that result from an individual perceiving people in terms of a group. [36] Social identity theory describes how individual identity is shaped by membership in a social group. [37]
Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done ...
The group consists of the finite strings (words) that can be composed by elements from A, together with other elements that are necessary to form a group. Multiplication of strings is defined by concatenation, for instance (abb) • (bca) = abbbca. Every group (G, •) is basically a factor group of a free group generated by G.
Are the temporal patterns in groups in fact developmental stages with the changes patterned so that the same kinds of structures and processes occur in the same fixed sequences for all groups? If there is a fixed sequence of stages of development, are the stages of equal or different durations? Do all groups go through these stages at the same ...