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  2. Vacuum deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_deposition

    Aluminising vacuum chamber at Mont Mégantic Observatory used for re-coating telescope mirrors. [1] Vacuum deposition is a group of processes used to deposit layers of material atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule on a solid surface. These processes operate at pressures well below atmospheric pressure (i.e., vacuum). The deposited layers can ...

  3. Evaporation (deposition) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation_(deposition)

    Evaporation is a common method of thin-film deposition. The source material is evaporated in a vacuum. The vacuum allows vapor particles to travel directly to the target object (substrate), where they condense back to a solid state. Evaporation is used in microfabrication, and to make macro-scale products such as metallized plastic film.

  4. Vapor–liquid–solid method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor–liquid–solid_method

    The VLS process takes place as follows: A thin (~1–10 nm) Au film is deposited onto a silicon (Si) wafer substrate by sputter deposition or thermal evaporation. The wafer is annealed at temperatures higher than the Au-Si eutectic point, creating Au-Si alloy droplets on the wafer surface (the thicker the Au film, the larger the droplets).

  5. Physical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition

    Physical vapor deposition (PVD), sometimes called physical vapor transport (PVT), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. PVD is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from a condensed phase to a ...

  6. Vacuum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum

    Vacuum pump and bell jar for vacuum experiments, used in science education during the early 20th century, on display in the Schulhistorische Sammlung ('School Historical Museum'), Bremerhaven, Germany. A vacuum (pl.: vacuums or vacua) is space devoid of matter. The word is derived from the Latin adjective vacuus (neuter vacuum) meaning "vacant ...

  7. Deposition (phase transition) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)

    Deposition is the phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. Deposition is a thermodynamic process . The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation .

  8. Chemical vapor infiltration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_infiltration

    However, the processing time is typically very long and the deposition rate is slow, so new routes have been invented to develop more rapid infiltration techniques: Thermal-gradient CVI with forced flow – In this process, a forced flow of gases and matrix material is used to achieve less porous and more uniformly dense material.

  9. Epitaxy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaxy

    In this method, a source material is heated to produce an evaporated beam of particles, which travel through a very high vacuum (10 −8 Pa; practically free space) to the substrate and start epitaxial growth. [14] [15] Chemical beam epitaxy, on the other hand, is an ultra-high vacuum process that uses gas phase precursors to generate the ...