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Humans are the only known natural reservoir for subspecies pallidum. [34] It is unable to survive more than a few days without a host. [22] This is due to its small genome (1.14Mbp) failing to encode the metabolic pathways necessary to make most of its macronutrients. [22] It has a slow doubling time of greater than 30 hours. [22]
In 2015, STIs other than HIV resulted in 108,000 deaths worldwide. [4] Globally, in 2015, about 1.1 billion people had STIs other than HIV/AIDS. [3] About 500 million have either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis. [1] At least an additional 530 million have genital herpes, and 290 million women have human papillomavirus. [1]
It is known to be transmitted only among humans and baboons. [2] T. pallidum can enter the host through mucosal membranes or open lesions in the skin and is primarily spread through sexual contact. [3] It is a helically coiled microorganism usually 6–15 μm long and 0.1–0.2 μm wide.
The rates of three STDs — gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis — have reached an all-time high in the U.S., according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
However, vaginal rings have the potential to provide long-term controlled release of microbicide drugs. Long-acting formulations, like vaginal rings, are potentially advantageous since they could be easy to use, requiring replacement only once a month. This ease of use could prove very important to make sure that products are used properly.
Mycoplasma genitalium (also known as MG [3], Mgen, or since 2018, Mycoplasmoides genitalium [1]) is a sexually transmitted, [4] small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the mucous epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans. [5] Medical reports published in 2007 and 2015 state that Mgen is becoming increasingly common.
As syphilis, bejel, and yaws vary considerably in mortality rates and the level of human disgust they elicit, it is important to know which one is under discussion in any given case, but it remains difficult for paleopathologists to distinguish among them. (Pinta is a skin disease and therefore unrecoverable through paleopathology.)
The elementary body may be 0.25 to 0.30 μm in diameter. This form is covered by a rigid cell wall (hence the combining form chlamyd-in the genus name). The elementary body induces its own endocytosis upon exposure to target cells. One phagolysosome usually produces an estimated 100–1000 elementary bodies.
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