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In Armenian, gerunds / gerundives / converbs (verbal noun) are interchangeable with an English relative clause. For example, For example, նամակ գրող մարդը namak groġ mardə - The man who is writing a letter / The man writing a letter (there is only a present tense gerund in English)
The preterite and past participle forms of irregular verbs follow certain patterns. These include ending in -t (e.g. build, bend, send), stem changes (whether it is a vowel, such as in sit, win or hold, or a consonant, such as in teach and seek, that changes), or adding the [n] suffix to the past participle form (e.g. drive, show, rise ...
The English language has many irregular verbs, approaching 200 in normal use – and significantly more if prefixed forms are counted. In most cases, the irregularity concerns the past tense (also called preterite) or the past participle.
The past participle of regular verbs is identical to the preterite (past tense) form, described in the previous section. For irregular verbs, see English irregular verbs. Some of these have different past tense and past participle forms (like sing–sang–sung); others have the same form for both (like make–made–made).
Most verbs have three or four inflected forms in addition to the base form: a third-person singular present tense form in -(e)s (writes, botches), a present participle and gerund form in -ing (writing), a past tense (wrote), and – though often identical to the past tense form – a past participle (written). Regular verbs have identical past ...
Some languages, such as English and Spanish, use a periphrastic passive voice; that is, it is not a single word form, but rather a construction making use of other word forms. Specifically, it is made up of a form of the auxiliary verb to be and a past participle of the main verb which carries the lexical content of the predicate.
Non-Past Past Imperative 1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl sirelu yem sirelu yes sirelu ê sirelu yenk' sirelu êk' sirelu yen sirelu êi sirelu êir sirelu êr sirelu êink' sirelu êik' sirelu êin sirê! sirenk'! sirets'êk'! Infinitive Gerund Past Act. Participle Past Pass. Participle Future Participle I Future Participle II sirel (to love) sirogh sirer
English past participles have both active and passive uses. In a passive use, an object or preposition complement becomes zero, the gap being understood to be filled by the noun phrase the participle modifies (compare similar uses of the to-infinitive above). Uses of past participles and participial phrases introduced by them are as follows: