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Other lithium salts are also used as medication, such as lithium citrate (Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7), lithium sulfate, lithium chloride, and lithium orotate. [139] [140] Nanoparticles and microemulsions have also been invented as drug delivery mechanisms. As of 2020, there is a lack of evidence that alternate formulations or salts of lithium would ...
Lithium Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar).
Potential side effects from lithium include gastrointestinal upset, tremor, sedation, excessive thirst, frequent urination, cognitive problems, impaired motor coordination, hair loss, and acne. [3] Excessive levels of lithium can be harmful to the kidneys, and increase the risk of side effects in general.
[144] [145] Lithium reduces the risk of suicide, self-harm, and death in people with bipolar disorder. [146] Lithium is preferred for long-term mood stabilization. [68] Lithium treatment is also associated with adverse effects and it has been shown to erode kidney and thyroid function over extended periods. [17]
Lithium prevents mood relapse and works especially well in BP-II patients who experience rapid-cycling. [53] Almost all BP-II patients who take lithium have a decrease in the amount of time they spend ill and a decrease in mood episodes. [53] Along with medication, other forms of therapy have been shown to be beneficial for BP-II patients.
The history of the medications used in mental disorders has developed a lot through years. The discovery of modern drugs prevailed during the 20th century. Lithium, a mood stabilizer, was discovered as a treatment of mania, by John F. Cade in 1949, "and Hammond (1871) used lithium bromide for 'acute mania with depression'". [14]
The soft drink 7Up was originally named "Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda" when it was formulated in 1929 because it contained lithium citrate. The beverage was a patent medicine marketed as a cure for hangover. Lithium citrate was removed from 7Up in 1948 [5] after the Food and Drug Administration banned its use in soda. [6]
Electroconvulsive therapy, a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect; Antidepressant-induced mania occurs in 20–40% of people with bipolar disorder. Mood stabilizers, especially lithium, may protect against this effect, but some research contradicts this. [22]