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In children, the subject needs to be able to show a capacity for normal social reactions for their developmental stage, and when reactions occur they should happen among their peer group as well as with adults. [1] Any exposure to the object or situation causes some form of unrestrained anxiety. In children this may be revealed by tantrums ...
In fear conditioning, the main circuits that are involved are the sensory areas that process the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, certain regions of the amygdala that undergo plasticity (or long-term potentiation) during learning, and the regions that bear an effect on the expression of specific conditioned responses.
Childhood trauma is often linked to various health issues including depression, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, lung cancer, and premature mortality. [5] [7] [10] [11] The effects of childhood trauma on brain development can hinder emotional regulation and impair of social skill [7] development.
Not every child who has experienced early trauma will display psychological resilience, as each brain is wired differently; where some children may find future scenarios easier to navigate as a result, others may fall back on maladaptive coping mechanisms that make future stressors significantly more difficult.
The trauma model of mental disorders, or trauma model of psychopathology, emphasises the effects of physical, sexual and psychological trauma as key causal factors in the development of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety [1] as well as psychosis, [2] whether the trauma is experienced in childhood or adulthood. It ...
Blood phobia is often caused by direct or vicarious trauma in childhood. [3] Though some have suggested a possible genetic link, a study of twins suggests that social learning and traumatic events, rather than genetics, is of greater significance. [4] Blood-injection-injury phobia (BII) affects about 4% of the population in the United States. [5]
In children aged two to four, falls are the most common cause of TBI, while in older children traffic accidents compete with falls for this position. [57] TBI is the third most common injury to result from child abuse. [58] Abuse causes 19% of cases of pediatric brain trauma, and the death rate is higher among these cases. [59]
An important part of managing trauma in children is weight estimation. A number of methods to estimate weight exist, including the Broselow tape, Leffler formula, and Theron formula. [ 3 ] Of these three methods, the Broselow tape is the most accurate for weight estimation in children ≤25 kg, [ 3 ] while the Theron formula performs better ...