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In fear conditioning, the main circuits that are involved are the sensory areas that process the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, certain regions of the amygdala that undergo plasticity (or long-term potentiation) during learning, and the regions that bear an effect on the expression of specific conditioned responses.
In children, the subject needs to be able to show a capacity for normal social reactions for their developmental stage, and when reactions occur they should happen among their peer group as well as with adults. [1] Any exposure to the object or situation causes some form of unrestrained anxiety. In children this may be revealed by tantrums ...
[1] [2] Specific phobias are further divided to include certain animals, natural environment, blood or injury, and particular situations. [1] The most common are fear of spiders, fear of snakes, and fear of heights. [10] Specific phobias may be caused by a negative experience with the object or situation in early childhood to early adulthood. [1]
The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, -phobe (from Greek φόβος phobos, "fear") occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, abnormal, unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g. agoraphobia), in chemistry to describe chemical aversions (e.g. hydrophobic), in biology to describe organisms that dislike certain conditions (e.g ...
Childhood trauma is often linked to various health issues including depression, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, lung cancer, and premature mortality. [5] [7] [10] [11] The effects of childhood trauma on brain development can hinder emotional regulation and impair of social skill [7] development.
This part of the amygdala is called the acid-sensing ion channel. [38] Since panic attacks typically occur without an obvious external trigger (meaning there is usually nothing life-threatening happening to cause a panic attack), studies have shown that panic attacks may be caused by internal triggers. [ 39 ]
With the surfacing of relevant studies, evidence proposes that childhood trauma is a large risk factor in developing depressive disorders that can persist into adulthood. Also, these findings present that clinically depressed individuals reported being exposed to adversity or trauma during their early years of childhood.
Phobophobia can also be defined as the fear of phobias or fear of developing a phobia. Phobophobia is related to anxiety disorders and panic attacks directly linked to other types of phobias, such as agoraphobia. [1] When a patient has developed phobophobia, their condition must be diagnosed and treated as part of anxiety disorders. [2]