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Microautophagy together with macroautophagy is necessary for nutrient recycling under starvation. Microautophagy due to degradation of lipids incorporated into vesicles regulates the composition of lysosomal/vacuolar membrane. [1] Microautophagic pathway functions also as one of the mechanism of glycogen delivery into the lysosomes. [2]
Microautophagy, on the other hand, involves the direct engulfment of cytoplasmic material into the lysosome. [45] This occurs by invagination, meaning the inward folding of the lysosomal membrane, or cellular protrusion.
MAP1LC3B is a member of the highly conserved ATG8 protein family. ATG8 proteins are present in all known eukaryotic organisms. The animal ATG8 family comprises three subfamilies: (i) microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3); (ii) Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa (GATE-16); and (iii) γ-amino-butyric acid receptor-associate protein ().
Specific selection of proteins for degradation in all forms of autophagy came to further understanding as studies discovered the role of chaperones like hsc70. Although hsc70 targets cytosolic protein to CMA based on specific amino acid sequence recognition, it works differently when targeting proteins to macro or microautophagy. [3]
The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation.
Atg8 is a monomer of 117 aminoacids and a molecular weight of 13,6kDa. It consists of a 5-stranded β-sheet, which is enclosed by two α-helices at one side and one α-helix at the other side and exhibits a conserved GABARAP domain. [2]
Autophagy related 7 is a protein in humans encoded by ATG7 gene. [5] [6] Related to GSA7; APG7L; APG7-LIKE.[6]ATG 7, present in both plant and animal genomes, acts as an essential protein for cell degradation and its recycling.
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6.It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death.ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles.