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[10] [11] An alternative technique is reduction of tantalum pentoxide by carbon in vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 1,500–1,700 °C (1,770–1,970 K; 2,730–3,090 °F). This method was used to obtain tantalum carbide in 1876, [ 12 ] but it lacks control over the stoichiometry of the product. [ 7 ]
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At normal temperature and pressure, 20 °C (293 K) and 1 standard atmosphere (0.10 MPa), the stable phase of carbon is graphite, but diamond is metastable and its rate of conversion to graphite is negligible. [30] However, at temperatures above about 4500 K, diamond rapidly converts to graphite.
Carbon phase diagram, based on calculations from 1980s. Newer work indicates that the melting point doesn't go above about 9000 K. Source: J.M. Zazula (1997). "On Graphite Transformations at High Temperature and Pressure Induced by Absorption of the LHC Beam". CERN. Retrieved 2010-07. Author: Trackler (talk) 13:05, 18 July 2010 (UTC) Other ...
The coefficient of thermal expansion of cemented tungsten carbide is found to vary with the amount of cobalt used as a metal binder. For 5.9% cobalt samples, a coefficient of 4.4 μm/m·K was measured, whereas 13% cobalt samples have a coefficient of around 5.0 μm/m·K.
Individual tantalum and hafnium carbides have a rocksalt cubic lattice structure. They are usually carbon deficient and have nominal formulas TaC x and HfC x, with x = 0.7–1.0 for Ta and x = 0.56–1.0 for Hf. The same structure is also observed for at least some of their solid solutions. [8]
Hafnium carbide (Hf C) is a chemical compound of hafnium and carbon.Previously the material was estimated to have a melting point of about 3,900 °C. [2] More recent tests have been able to conclusively prove that the substance has an even higher melting point of 3,958 °C exceeding those of tantalum carbide and tantalum hafnium carbide which were both previously estimated to be higher. [3]
Schematic of VAR apparatus. The alloy to undergo VAR is formed into a cylinder typically by vacuum induction melting (VIM) or ladle refining (airmelt). This cylinder, referred to as an electrode is then put into a large cylindrical enclosed crucible and brought to a metallurgical vacuum (0.001–0.1 mmHg or 0.1–13.3 Pa).
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