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Antenatal perineal massage (APM) or Birth Canal Widening (BCW) is the massage of a pregnant woman's perineum – the skin and deep tissues around the opening to the vagina (or 'birth canal' – when a baby is in this passage), performed in the 4 to 6 weeks before childbirth, i.e., 34 weeks or sooner (Reference 7, as more births are occurring at around 28 weeks) and continued weekly until birth.
Overall, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure drops 10–15 mm Hg in the first trimester and then returns to baseline in the second half of pregnancy. [6] All of these cardiovascular adaptations can lead to common complaints, such as palpitations, decreased exercise tolerance, and dizziness.
Complications during pregnancy can cause other more severe symptoms, such as those associated with anemia. Early signs and symptoms of pregnancy may include: [30] Tiredness or fatigue (one of the most common symptoms) Missed period; Nausea or morning sickness, may or may not include vomiting; Breast tenderness (common during the first trimester ...
[2] [3] In context of this overall decrease in desire, some studies indicate a second-trimester increase, preceding a decrease during the third trimester. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Sex during pregnancy is a low-risk behavior except when the healthcare provider advises that sexual intercourse be avoided for particular medical reasons. [ 1 ]
Pregnancy symptoms may be categorized based on trimester as well as region of the body affected. Each pregnancy can be quite different and many people do not experience the same or all of the symptoms. If a person is concerned about their symptoms they should be encouraged to speak with an appropriate healthcare professional. [1]
[46] [45] It does not cause first-trimester miscarriages. In the second trimester, it is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. It is identified after a premature birth has occurred at about 16–18 weeks into the pregnancy. [99] During the second trimester, major trauma can result in a miscarriage. [44]
First or second trimester Non-invasive Fetal heartbeat Listening to the fetal heartbeat via an external monitor placed on the outside of the abdomen. First or second trimester Non-invasive Non-stress test: Use of cardiotocography during the third trimester to monitor fetal wellbeing. Third trimester Non-invasive Maternal blood pressure
The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects). The term "multiple-marker screening test" is sometimes used instead.