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Xanthelasma in the form of XP can be diagnosed from clinical impression, although in some cases it may need to be distinguished (differential diagnosis) from other conditions, especially necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, syringoma, palpebral sarcoidosis, sebaceous hyperplasia, Erdheim–Chester disease, lipoid proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe disease), and the syndrome of adult-onset asthma and ...
Redness of the sclera and conjunctiva, sometimes changing to a purple hue; Severe ocular pain, which may radiate to the temple or jaw. The pain is often described as deep or boring. Photophobia and tearing; Decrease in visual acuity, possibly leading to blindness; The pain of episcleritis is less severe than in scleritis. [4]
The cornea is transparent and more curved and is linked to the larger posterior segment, composed of the vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the sclera. The cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.45 in) in diameter, and 0.5 mm (500 μm) in thickness near its centre.
The thickness of the sclera varies from 1 mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the insertions of the four rectus muscles. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red. [6]
An eyelid speculum is placed to keep the eyelids open during the surgery. The procedure begins with a 360° periotomy followed by a stab incision in the sclera . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The incision is then expanded around the limbus circumferentially and the orbital contents are removed using an evisceration spoon.
Eye color outside of the iris may also be symptomatic of disease. Yellowing of the sclera (the "whites of the eyes") is associated with jaundice, [82] and may be symptomatic of liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. [83] A blue coloration of the sclera may also be symptomatic of disease. [82]
Intraocular hemorrhage is classified based on the location of the bleeding: Hyphema (in the anterior chamber); Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) is a rare complication of intraocular surgery in which blood from the ciliary arteries enters the space between the choroid and the sclera.
Some ophthalmologists specialize in the treatment and management of anterior segment disorders and diseases. [ 11 ] The posterior segment is the back five-sixths [ 8 ] of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor , retina , choroid , and optic nerve .