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Reversible dementia; Reversible cerebral atrophy; Abnormal behaviour [b]; Psychomotor hyperactivity [b]; Learning disorder [b]; Hyperammonaemia; Hypothyroidism; Bone marrow failure
They can be given intravenously or by mouth, and the tablet forms exist in both long- and short-acting formulations. [7] Common side effects of valproate include nausea, vomiting, somnolence, and dry mouth. [7] Serious side effects can include liver failure, and regular monitoring of liver function tests is therefore recommended. [7]
Each anti-convulsant agent has a unique side-effect profile. Valproic acid can frequently cause sedation or gastrointestinal upset, which can be minimized by giving the related drug divalproex, which is available in an enteric-coated tablet. [2] These side effects tend to disappear over time. [3]
Carbamazepine, sold under the brand name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. [4] [1] It is used as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia along with other medications and as a second-line agent in bipolar disorder.
Both newer and older drugs are generally equally effective in new onset epilepsy. [42] The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. [42] For newly diagnosed partial or mixed seizures, there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as monotherapy. [42]
Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar). Signs and symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and ataxia. [3] The most common side effects are lethargy and weight gain (up to 2 kilograms (4.4 lb)). [4]
Some unaltered drugs, such as penicillin, will bind avidly to proteins. Others must be bioactivated into a toxic compound that will in turn bind to proteins. The second criterion of cellular damage can come either from a toxic drug/drug metabolite, or from an injury or infection. These will sensitize the immune system to the drug and cause a ...
From or to a drug trade name: This is a redirect from (or to) the trade name of a drug to (or from) the international nonproprietary name (INN). When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
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