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James Mallinson disagrees with the inclusion of supernatural accomplishments, and suggests that such fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's goal as meditation-driven means to liberation in Indian religions. [65] A classic definition of yoga in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras 1.2 and 1.3, [19] [27] [66] [67] defines yoga as "the ...
A yogi is a practitioner of Yoga, [1] including a sannyasin or practitioner of meditation in Indian religions. [2] The feminine form, sometimes used in English, is yogini.. Yogi has since the 12th century CE also denoted members of the Nath siddha tradition of Hinduism, [3] and in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, a practitioner of tantra.
In Sanskrit texts, Rāja yoga (/ ˈ r ɑː dʒ ə ˈ j oʊ ɡ ə /) was both the goal of yoga and a method to attain it. The term also became a modern name for the practice of yoga [1] [2] in the 19th-century when Swami Vivekananda gave his interpretation of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in his book Raja Yoga. [3]
Karma yoga, bhakti yoga and jnana yoga can also be described as sadhana; constant efforts to achieve maximum level of perfection in all streams of day-to-day life can be described as Sadhana. [ 5 ] Sādhanā can also refer to a tantric liturgy or liturgical manual, that is, the instructions to carry out a certain practice.
A "fourth yoga" is sometimes added, Raja Yoga or "the Path of Meditation". This is the classical Yoga presented in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali . Patanjali's system came to be known as Raja Yoga (Royal Yoga) retro-actively, in about the 15th century, as the term Yoga had become popular for the general concept of a "religious path".
Yoga, or mārga (meaning "way" or "path"), in Hinduism is widely classified into four spiritual approaches. [81] The first mārga is Jñāna Yoga, the way of knowledge. The second mārga is Bhakti Yoga, the way of loving devotion to God. The third mārga is Karma Yoga, the way of works.
A yogini (Sanskrit: योगिनी, IAST: yoginī) is a female master practitioner of tantra and yoga, as well as a formal term of respect for female Hindu or Buddhist spiritual teachers in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Greater Tibet.
Mudra is used in the iconography of Hindu and Buddhist art of the Indian subcontinent and described in the scriptures, such as Nātyaśāstra, which lists 24 asaṁyuta ("separated", meaning "one-hand") and 13 saṁyuta ("joined", meaning "two-hand") mudras. Mudra positions are usually formed by both the hand and the fingers.