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Liver toxicity, allergic reaction, anaphylaxis [3] Kava: awa, kava-kava [4] Piper methysticum: Potentiates CNS sedatives, [3] chronic use might cause a reversible dry skin condition. [18] Khat: qat Catha edulis: Chronic liver dysfunction [3] [19] Kratom: Mitragyna speciosa: Hepatotoxicity [20] [19] Liquorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra
Signs of folate deficiency anemia most of the time are subtle. [4] Anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia) can be a sign of advanced folate deficiency in adults. [1] Folate deficiency anemia may result in feeling tired, weakness, changes to the color of the skin or hair, open sores on the mouth, shortness of breath, palpitations, lightheadedness, cold hands and feet, headaches, easy bleeding ...
For many biologics (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), injection site reactions are the most common adverse effect of the drug, and have been reported to have an incidence rate of 0.5–40%. [2] In trials of subcutaneous administration of oligonucleotides, between 22 and 100% of subjects developed reactions depending on the oligonucleotide. [6]
Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folate deficiency. [3] Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby. [3] [10] NTDs include anencephaly and spina bifida, among other defects.
One study in 184 premature infants, reported that individuals given monthly vitamin B 12 injections (100 μg) or taking supplements of vitamin B 12 and folic acid (100 μg/day), had higher haemoglobin concentrations after 10–12 weeks, compared to those only taking folic acid or those taking no vitamin B 12 injections. [87]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Both high-folate diets and supplemental folic acid may help reduce the toxic side-effects of low-dose methotrexate without decreasing its effectiveness. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Anyone taking low-dose methotrexate for the health problems listed above should consult with a physician about the need for a folic acid supplement.
Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine. [2] [3] It is also used in combination with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, may be used to treat folate deficiency that results in anemia, and methanol poisoning.