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  2. Deadweight loss - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss

    The producer surplus always decreases, but the consumer surplus may or may not increase; however, the decrease in producer surplus must be greater than the increase, if any, in consumer surplus. Deadweight loss can also be a measure of lost economic efficiency when the socially optimal quantity of a good or a service is not produced.

  3. Economic surplus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus

    The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price. Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare.

  4. Price floor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_floor

    In the first graph at right, the dashed green line represents a price floor set below the free-market price. In this case, the floor has no practical effect. The government has mandated a minimum price, but the market already bears and is using a higher price. An effective, binding price floor, causing a surplus (supply exceeds demand)

  5. Believe it or not, there is a housing surplus—but not for ...

    www.aol.com/finance/believe-not-housing-surplus...

    A housing surplus that still prices out many But the new finding about overall housing supply levels, which Schwartz says was a surprise, offers some nuance to one of the major problems in the ...

  6. Price discrimination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination

    Consumer surplus need not exist, for example in monopolistic markets where the seller can price above the market clearing price. Alternatively, should fixed costs or economies of scale raise the marginal cost of adding more consumers higher than the marginal profit from selling more product, consumer surplus may be captured by the seller.

  7. Excess supply - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_supply

    In economics, an excess supply, economic surplus [1] market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded, [2] and the price is above the equilibrium level determined by supply and demand. That is, the quantity of the product that producers wish to sell exceeds ...

  8. Stackelberg competition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackelberg_competition

    However, this is example-specific. There may be cases where a Stackelberg leader has huge gains beyond Cournot profit that approach monopoly profits (for example, if the leader also had a large cost structure advantage, perhaps due to a better production function). There may also be cases where the follower actually enjoys higher profits than ...

  9. Giffen good - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffen_good

    In microeconomics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is a product that people consume more of as the price rises and vice versa, violating the law of demand. For ordinary goods , as the price of the good rises, the substitution effect makes consumers purchase less of it, and more of substitute goods ; the income effect can either reinforce or ...