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However, shotcrete may also sometimes be used to distinguish wet-mix from the dry-mix method. The term shotcrete was first defined by the American Railway Engineers Association (AREA) in the early 1930s. [6] By 1951, shotcrete had become the official generic name of the sprayed concrete process—whether it utilizes the wet or dry process. [6]
A cement accelerator is an admixture for the use in concrete, mortar, rendering or screeds. The addition of an accelerator speeds the setting time and thus cure time starts earlier. [ 1 ] This allows concrete to be placed in winter with reduced risk of frost damage. [ 2 ]
A variant of standard concrete transportation is the concrete (or, cement) mixing trailer. These small versions of transit-mix trucks are used to supply short loads of concrete. They have a concrete mixing drum with a capacity of between 0.76 and 1.34 cubic metres (1 and 1.75 cu yd).
Cement hydration and strength development mainly depend on two silicate phases: tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) , and dicalcium silicate (C 2 S) . [1] Upon hydration, the main reaction products are calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2, written as CH in the cement chemist notation. C-S-H is the phase playing the role of ...
It can shrink 1 ⁄ 16 inch (1.6 mm) over a 10-foot long area (3.05 meters). This causes stress internally on the concrete and must be accounted for by the engineers and finishers placing the concrete, and may require the use of steel reinforcement or pre-stressed concrete elements where this is critical.
Traditional rebars are generally used to improve the tensile strength of the concrete in a particular direction, whereas steel fibers are useful for multidirectional reinforcement. This is one of the reasons why steel fiber reinforced (shotcrete form) concrete successfully replaced weldmesh in lining tunnels. Less labour is required.
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