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This reaction is expansive, and can disrupt mature concrete. Where concrete is to be placed in contact with, for example, sulfate-laden ground waters, either a "sulfate-resisting" cement (with low levels of tricalcium aluminate) is used, or slag is added to the cement or to the concrete mix. The slag contributes sufficient aluminium to suppress ...
Shotcrete, gunite (/ ˈ ɡ ʌ n aɪ t /), or sprayed concrete is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. This construction technique was invented by Carl Akeley and first used in 1907. [1]: 7 The concrete is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
Cracking and shrinkage. Concrete shrinks as it cures. It can shrink 1 ⁄ 16 inch (1.6 mm) over a 10-foot long area (3.05 meters). This causes stress internally on the concrete and must be accounted for by the engineers and finishers placing the concrete, and may require the use of steel reinforcement or pre-stressed concrete elements where ...
A variant of standard concrete transportation is the concrete (or, cement) mixing trailer. These small versions of transit-mix trucks are used to supply short loads of concrete. They have a concrete mixing drum with a capacity of between 0.76 and 1.34 cubic metres (1 and 1.75 cu yd).
Concrete roadway in San Jose, California A concrete road in Ewing, New Jersey. Concrete surfaces (specifically, Portland cement concrete) are created using a concrete mix of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, sand, and water. In virtually all modern mixes there will also be various admixtures added to increase workability, reduce the required ...
Calcium silicate hydrate (also shown as C-S-H) is a result of the reaction between the silicate phases of Portland cement and water. This reaction typically is expressed as: 2 Ca 3 SiO 5 + 7 H 2 O → 3 CaO · 2 SiO 2 · 4 H 2 O + 3 Ca(OH) 2 + 173.6 kJ. also written in cement chemist notation, (CCN) as: 2 C 3 S + 7 H → C 3 S 2 H 4 + 3 CH + heat
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