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  2. Personal income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_income

    The personal income tax is generally considered the most progressive tax, meaning that higher-income individuals are taxed at higher rates compared to lower-income individuals. However, there are variations in tax systems across countries, with some taxes like social security contributions, consumption taxes, and real estate taxes being ...

  3. Total personal income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_personal_income

    Total personal income is defined by the United States' Bureau of Economic Analysis as:. income received by persons from all sources. It includes income received from participation in production as well as from government and business transfer payments.

  4. Principles of Biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Biology

    Principles of Biology is a college level biology electronic textbook published by Nature Publishing in 2011. The book is not a digitally reformatted version of a paper book. [ 1 ] The book, the first in a projected series, is Nature Publishing's first foray into textbook publishing.

  5. List of unsolved problems in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Abiogenesis; Aerobiology; Agronomy; Agrostology; Anatomy; Astrobiology; Bacteriology; Biochemistry; Biogeography; Biogeology; Bioinformatics; Biological engineering

  6. Signalling theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory

    By stotting (also called pronking), a springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) signals honestly to predators that it is young, fit, and not worth chasing.. Within evolutionary biology, signalling theory is a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals, both within species and across species.

  7. Development of the human body - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body

    These hormones promote the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which plays a key role in the formation of new bone cells. Adequate nutrient intake is essential for the production of these hormones, which are critical for proper bone growth. However, a lack of proper nutrition can hinder this process and result in stunted growth.

  8. History of biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology

    The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.

  9. Fitness (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)

    The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction with physical fitness. [1] Fitness does not include a measure of survival or life-span; Herbert Spencer 's well-known phrase " survival of the fittest " should be interpreted as: "Survival of the form (phenotypic or genotypic) that will leave the most copies of itself in ...