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To form the gerund of an -ar verb, replace the -ar of the infinitive with -ando; e.g. jugar, hablar, caminar → jugando, hablando, caminando. For -er or -ir verbs, replace the -er or -ir ending with -iendo ; e.g. comer , escribir , dormir → comiendo , escribiendo , durmiendo (note that dormir undergoes the stem vowel change that is typical ...
Ortografía de la lengua española (2010). Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language.The alphabet uses the Latin script.The spelling is fairly phonemic, especially in comparison to more opaque orthographies like English, having a relatively consistent mapping of graphemes to phonemes; in other words, the pronunciation of a given Spanish-language word can largely be ...
(SAR La Infanta Y) e.g., HRH The Infanta Luisa: Your Royal Highness, and thereafter as Ma'am (Señora) Wife of an Infante (if not a Princess by birth) The Most Ext Doña Y (Excma. Sra. Doña Y) e.g., The Most Ext Doña Marisol de Messía: Excelentísima Señora: Ma'am (Señora) Wife of a titled Infante (if a Princess by birth) HRH The Infanta Y ...
The earliest evidence for the phonetic change from /f/ to /h/ or the complete loss of /f/ in historical Castile (including La Rioja), dates back to the 9th century. Notably, in a document from 863, the Latin name FORTICIUS is recorded as Ortiço, and in another from 927, it appears as Hortiço .
Hay un gato en el jardín. = "There is a cat in the garden." En el baúl hay fotografías viejas. = "In the trunk there are some old photos." To form perfect constructions, the past participle habido is used: Ha habido mucha confusión de esto. = "There's been a lot of confusion about this." Ha habido pocos hasta ahora. = "There have been few ...
Similarly, the participle agrees with the subject when it is used with ser to form the "true" passive voice (e.g. La carta fue escrita ayer 'The letter was written [got written] yesterday.'), and also when it is used with estar to form a "passive of result", or stative passive (as in La carta ya está escrita 'The letter is already written.').
The dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong, because, in the infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. Exceptionally, the -u- of j u gar (u-ue -gar, -jugar) and the -i- of adqu i rir and inqu i rir (i-ie) also are subject to diphthongization ( juega , etc.; adquiere , etc.).
The most basic is the difference between tú (vos in areas with voseo) and usted: tú or vos is the "familiar" form, and usted, derived from the third-person form "your grace" (vuestra merced), is the "polite" form. The appropriate usage of those forms is fundamental to interpersonal communication.