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In statistics, economics,and finance, an index is a statistical measure of change in a representative group of individual data points. These data may be derived from any number of sources, including company performance, prices, productivity, and employment. Economic indices track economic health from different perspectives.
Negative cashflows are treated as contributions. On the first period, a $100 call in the fund is matched by a $100 investment into the index. On the second period, the $100 index investment is now worth $105, to which is added $50 of new investment. A positive cashflow is treated by decreasing the index investment by the same value.
Although this cost structure seems unrepresentative of real life transaction costs, it can be used to find approximate solutions in cases with additional assets, [11] for example individual stocks, where it becomes difficult or intractable to give exact solutions for the problem. The assumption of constant investment opportunities can be relaxed.
A 2014 academic paper suggested that, because index fund investors are likely to own all the major competitors in a given industry (because all are in the S&P 500), aggressive competing by one ...
Rather, the managers simply add or remove stocks or other securities based on any changes in the underlying index. For example, an S&P 500 index fund manager won’t buy or sell any stocks in the ...
This results in the "bums" problem, in which less creditworthy issuers with a lot of outstanding debt constitute a larger part of the index than more creditworthy ones with less debt. [5] Quality of price data: the market price used for each bond in the index may be based on actual transactions, a brokerage firm's estimate or a computer model.
They’ve had to do this because year-in and year-out, most active funds have underperformed the indices, and therefore underperformed index funds. For example, 85.1 percent of actively-managed ...
"Thirteen critical points in contemporary economic theory". Journal of Economic Literature. 10 (4): 1163– 1189. JSTOR 2721542. Alessandro Innocenti (1995). "Oskar Morgenstern and the Heterodox Potentialities of the Application of Game Theory to Economics". Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 17 (2): 205– 227. doi:10.1017 ...