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The Hawkins–Kennedy Test is a test used in the evaluation of orthopedic shoulder injury. It was first described in the 1980s by Canadians R. Hawkins and J. Kennedy, and a positive test is most likely indicative of damage to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle .
Hawkins–Kennedy test: a positive test indicates shoulder impingement syndrome; Empty beer can test: a positive test indicates rotator cuff tear, specifically, supraspinatus muscle tear; Drop arm test: a positive test indicates a supraspinatus tear; External Rotation test: a positive test indicates an infraspinatus or teres minor tear
The Neer impingement test is a test designed to reproduce symptoms of rotator cuff impingement through flexing the shoulder and pressure application. Symptoms should be reproduced if there is a problem with the supraspinatus or biceps brachii. [1] This test is also associated with the Hawkins-Kennedy Test and Jobe's Test. [2]
On physical exam, the physician may twist or elevate the patient's arm to test for reproducible pain (the Neer sign and Hawkins-Kennedy test). These tests help localize the pathology to the rotator cuff; however, they are not specific for impingement. [16] Neer sign may also be seen with subacromial bursitis. [17]
Distraction tests: positive tests are rechecked when the patient's attention is distracted, such as a straight leg raise test; Regional disturbances: regional weakness or sensory changes which deviate from accepted neuroanatomy; Overreaction: subjective signs regarding the patient's demeanor and reaction to testing
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From there, you should know what your results actually mean, including a faint positive line, and when to take another test or get a more sensitive COVID-19 test from your doctor to clear things up.
In the context of a positive Hoover's sign, functional weakness (or "conversion disorder") is much more likely than malingering or factitious disorder. [3] Strong hip muscles can make the test difficult to interpret. [4] Efforts have been made to use the theory behind the sign to report a quantitative result. [5]