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Donald Schön's 1983 book The Reflective Practitioner introduced concepts such as reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action which explain how professionals meet the challenges of their work with a kind of improvisation that is improved through practice. [1] However, the concepts underlying reflective practice are much older.
Reflective learning is a development of the concept of experiential learning as propounded by John Dewey, who wrote Experience and Education in 1938. Later theorists include David Kolb, David Boud ("reflection in learning"), [3] and Donald Schön.
In 1933, John Dewey described five with phases or aspects of reflective thought: In between, as states of thinking, are (1) suggestions, in which the mind leaps forward to a possible solution; (2) an intellectualization of the difficulty or perplexity that has been felt (directly experienced) into a problem to be solved, a question for which the answer must be sought; (3) the use of one ...
Constructivist teaching is based on constructivism (philosophy of education). Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information .
Teaching subject matter is important but it needs to focus on student thinking and assessment. Henderson gives many forms of performance-based learning: Collaborative learning , peer teaching , project-based learning , understanding performances, infusion of critical and creative thinking, and authentic problems that have real-world ...
Immunity to change – Method of self-reflection and mindset change; Instructional scaffolding – Support given to a student by an instructor; Learning styles – Largely debunked theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning; Motivation – Inner state causing goal-directed behavior
Much of his later work related to reflection in practice and the concept of learning systems. The course of his career would cover three areas in this field: 1) the learning society; 2) professional learning and effectiveness; and, 3) the reflective practitioner. [ 18 ]
The learning characteristic is of concrete experience and reflective observation. Assimilating: People of this kind of learning style prefer good clear information, they can logically format the given information and explore analytic models. They are more interested in concepts and abstracts than in people.