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Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
Air bubbler systems contain no moving parts, making them suitable for measuring the level of sewage, drainage water, sewage sludge, night soil, or water with large quantities of suspended solids. The only part of the sensor that contacts the liquid is a bubble tube which is chemically compatible with the material whose level is to be measured.
Marcel Pourbaix (16 September 1904 – 28 September 1998) was a Belgian chemist and pianist. [citation needed] He performed his most well known research at the University of Brussels, studying corrosion. [1] His biggest achievement is the derivation of potential-pH, better known as “Pourbaix Diagrams”.
Pourbaix diagram for water, including equilibrium regions for water, oxygen and hydrogen at STP. The vertical scale is the electrode potential of hydrogen or non-interacting electrode relative to an SHE electrode, the horizontal scale is the pH of the electrolyte (otherwise non-interacting).
Pourbaix diagram for gold in simple non-complexing aqueous solutions (anions other than OH-not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). Temperature 25°C. Date: 24 October 2007: Source: Self-made, with data from software FactSage 5.3: Author: Metallos
Pourbaix diagram of iron in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH-not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). Temperature 25°C. Date: 23 October 2007: Source: self-made, with data from software FactSage version 5.3. Author: Metallos
A fire truck and a police vehicle near an attack during New Year's celebrations, in New Orleans, January 1, 2025. - Octavio Jones/Reuters
The first routine measurements of river flow in England began on the Thames and Lea in the 1880s, [2] and in Scotland on the River Garry in 1913. [3] The national gauging station network was established in its current form by the early 1970s and consists of approximately 1500 flow measurement stations supplemented by a variable number of temporary monitoring sites. [2]