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The Einstein field equations (EFE) may be written in the form: [5] [1] + = EFE on the wall of the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave in Leiden, Netherlands. where is the Einstein tensor, is the metric tensor, is the stress–energy tensor, is the cosmological constant and is the Einstein gravitational constant.
In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected [clarification needed] connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, [1] [2] [3] Albert Einstein in 1905, [4] and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 [5] in their works on Brownian motion.
the small calorie (gram-calorie, cal) is 4.184 J exactly. It was originally defined so that the specific heat capacity of liquid water would be 1 cal/(°C⋅g). The grand calorie (kilocalorie, kilogram-calorie, food calorie, kcal, Cal) is 1000 small calories, 4184 J exactly. It was defined so that the specific heat capacity of water would be 1 ...
For instance, a 20% saline (sodium chloride) solution has viscosity over 1.5 times that of pure water, whereas a 20% potassium iodide solution has viscosity about 0.91 times that of pure water. An idealized model of dilute electrolytic solutions leads to the following prediction for the viscosity μ s {\displaystyle \mu _{s}} of a solution: [ 57 ]
Since giving the Einstein tensor does not fully determine the Riemann tensor, but leaves the Weyl tensor unspecified (see the Ricci decomposition), the Einstein equation may be considered a kind of compatibility condition: the spacetime geometry must be consistent with the amount and motion of any matter or non-gravitational fields, in the ...
The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water. Viscosity [11] 1.7921 ... The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water ...
The three viscosity equations now coalesce to a single viscosity equation = = because a nondimensional scaling is used for the entire viscosity equation. The standard nondimensionality reasoning goes like this: Creating nondimensional variables (with subscript D) by scaling gives
Next, notice that only 10 of the original 14 equations are independent, because the continuity equation ; = is a consequence of Einstein's equations. This reflects the fact that the system is gauge invariant (in general, absent some symmetry, any choice of a curvilinear coordinate net on the same system would correspond to a numerically ...