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  2. Solvent effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_effects

    The case for S N 2 reactions is quite different, as the lack of solvation on the nucleophile increases the rate of an S N 2 reaction. In either case (S N 1 or S N 2), the ability to either stabilize the transition state (S N 1) or destabilize the reactant starting material (S N 2) acts to decrease the ΔG ‡ activation and thereby increase the ...

  3. Stopped-flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopped-flow

    Diagram of quenched flow apparatus for following reactions with half times of a few milliseconds. The stopped-flow method depends on the existence of spectroscopic properties that can be used for following the reaction. When that is not the case quenched flow provides an alternative that uses conventional chemical methods for analysis. [8]

  4. List of chemical process simulators - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_process...

    This is a list of software used to simulate the material and energy balances of chemical process plants. Applications for this include design studies, engineering studies, design audits, debottlenecking studies, control system check-out, process simulation, dynamic simulation, operator training simulators, pipeline management systems, production management systems, digital twins.

  5. Chemical stability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_stability

    The reactivity of a chemical substance is a description of how it might react across a variety of potential chemical systems and, for a given system, how fast such a reaction could proceed. Chemical substances or states can persist indefinitely even though they are not in their lowest energy state if they experience metastability - a state ...

  6. Chemical vapor infiltration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_infiltration

    Figure 1. Conventional Chemical Vapour Infiltration. [3]• Matrix material carried by the gas ↑ Carrier gas Not drawn to scale CVI growth. Figure 2. [3]During chemical vapour infiltration, the fibrous preform is supported on a porous metallic plate through which a mixture of carrier gas along with matrix material is passed at an elevated temperature.

  7. Thermodynamic activity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity

    The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.

  8. Chemical equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium

    The diagram above illustrates the point that a precipitate that is not one of the main species in the solution equilibrium may be formed. At pH just below 5.5 the main species present in a 5 μM solution of Al 3+ are aluminium hydroxides Al(OH) 2+ , AlOH + 2 and Al 13 (OH) 7+ 32 , but on raising the pH Al(OH) 3 precipitates from the solution.

  9. Use case diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_case_diagram

    A use case diagram [1] is a graphical depiction of a user's possible interactions with a system. A use case diagram shows various use cases and different types of users the system has and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well. The use cases are represented by either circles or ellipses. The actors are often shown as stick ...