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A closed formula, also ground formula or sentence, is a formula in which there are no free occurrences of any variable. If A is a formula of a first-order language in which the variables v 1, …, v n have free occurrences, then A preceded by ∀v 1 ⋯ ∀v n is a universal closure of A.
hide. In propositional logic, a propositional formula is a type of syntactic formula which is well formed. If the values of all variables in a propositional formula are given, it determines a unique truth value. A propositional formula may also be called a propositional expression, a sentence, or a sentential formula.
Comma operator Simplified formal grammar for arithmetical expressions in a programming language (left) , [ 45 ] and derivation of the example expression (a+b)^2/2 (right) . The latter corresponds to a hierarchical structure (" syntax tree ") which is unique for the given expression.
Commutativity is a special property, attained only by particular functions, and often in special circumstances. For example, |x| + 3 = |x + 3| only when x ≥ 0. The picture shows another example. The composition of one-to-one (injective) functions is always one-to-one.
Glossary of mathematical symbols. A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various ...
Microsoft Excel A simple bar graph being created in Excel, running on Windows 11 Developer(s) Microsoft Initial release November 19, 1987 ; 36 years ago (1987-11-19) Stable release 2312 (Build 17126.20132) / January 9, 2024 ; 9 months ago (2024-01-09) Written in C++ (back-end) Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Spreadsheet License Trialware Website microsoft.com microsoft-365 /excel ...
Quadratic formula. The roots of the quadratic function y = 1 2 x2 − 3x + 5 2 are the places where the graph intersects the x -axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.
A well-formed formula is any atomic formula, or any formula that can be built up from atomic formulas by means of operator symbols according to the rules of the grammar. The language L {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}} , then, is defined either as being identical to its set of well-formed formulas, [ 44 ] or as containing that set (together with ...