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African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and often fatal disease caused by African horse sickness virus. It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by a virus of the genus Orbivirus belonging to the family Reoviridae. This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus.
The most current theory is a result of a recent study that suggests it is caused by a pegivirus, referred to as Theiler's disease-associated virus (TDAV). [2] Eight horses that had received prophylactic botulinum antitoxin and developed subsequent signs of Theiler's disease were subjected to a test for a viral infection based on RNA sequencing techniques.
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The signs shown depend on the horse's age, the strain of the infecting virus, the condition of the horse and the route by which it was infected. [5] Most horses with EVA infection do not show any signs; if a horse does show signs, these can vary greatly in severity. [ 6 ]
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to three days. [6] Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever (up to 106 °F [41 °C]), nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. [6]
Chronic: The horse tires easily and is unsuitable for work. The horse may have a recurrent fever and anemia, and may relapse to the subacute or acute form even several years after the original attack. [citation needed] A horse may also not appear to have any symptoms, yet still tests positive for EIA antibodies.
Glanders was a significant problem for civilian use of horses, as well. In the 18th-century veterinary hospital at the École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort , glanders was the most common disease among their equine patients and the one most likely to cause death.
Grass sickness, alternatively termed equine dysautonomia, is a rare but predominantly fatal illness in horses.Grass sickness may affect all types of horse, pony and donkey, and has affected some well known horses including the thoroughbred stallions Dubai Millennium, Moorestyle and Mister Baileys.