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Ground speed is the horizontal component of the velocity of an aircraft relative to the Earth’s surface, also referred to as "speed over the ground". [1] It is vital for accurate navigation that the pilot has an estimate of the ground speed that will be achieved during each leg of a flight. Theoretically, an aircraft diving vertically and ...
Mach number. Ratio of speed of an object moving through fluid and local speed of sound. The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach, (/ mɑːk /; German: [max]) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. [1][2] It is named after the Austrian physicist and ...
e. The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. More simply, the speed of sound is how fast vibrations travel. At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s (1,125 ft/s; 1,235 km/h; 767 mph; 667 kn), or 1 km in 2.91 s or one mile in 4.69 s.
Model of Spirit of Australia, which holds the water speed record. Vestas Sailrocket, the fastest wind-powered watercraft. Decavitator, the fastest human-powered watercraft. Omer 5, the fastest human-powered submarine. The "Caspian Sea Monster", the fastest ground-effect vehicle [a]
An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), [ 1 ] which also ratifies any claims.
Indicated airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed of an aircraft as measured by its pitot-static system [ 1 ] and displayed by the airspeed indicator (ASI). [ 2 ] This is the pilots' primary airspeed reference. This value is not corrected for installation error, instrument error, or the actual encountered air density, [ 2 ] being instead calibrated to ...
The ground vector represents the motion of the aircraft over the ground. It is described by ground track and ground speed. The ground vector is the resultant of algebraically adding the air vector and the wind vector. The wind triangle describes the relationships among the quantities used in air navigation. When two of the three vectors, or ...
Cruise altitude is usually where the higher ground speed is balanced against the decrease in engine thrust and efficiency at higher altitudes. Common narrowbodies like the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737NG cruise at Mach 0.78 (450 kn; 830 km/h), [ 2 ] [ 3 ] while modern widebodies like the Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 cruise at Mach 0.85 (490 kn; 900 ...