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The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas , [ 1 ] as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas .
Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical ...
Starting in January 2017, gasoline has been limited to an annual average of 10 ppm sulfur, with a maximum of 80 ppm allowed per batch at the refinery gate and up to 95 ppm downstream. [16] At this point, nearly all road and industrial fuels produced in the US have been substantially desulfurized to levels of 15 parts per million or less.
Why one firm sees the US stock market headed for a third-straight year of 20% gains in 2025. In commodities, bonds, and crypto: West Texas Intermediate crude oil rose 2% to $73.11 a barrel.
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average jumped 498 points, or 1.2%, and the Nasdaq composite gained 1%. Superstar stock Nvidia and other Big Tech companies led the market, which got a lift after a report ...
Limetree Bay Refinery (known also as Hovensa, styled HOVENSA) is an oil refinery located on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.The refinery was a joint venture between Hess Corporation and PDVSA.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian public sector oil and gas company, headquartered in Mumbai.It is India's second-largest government-owned downstream oil producer, whose operations are overseen by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.