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The Giuoco Piano (pronounced [ˈdʒwɔːko ˈpjaːno]; Italian for 'Quiet Game') [1] is a chess opening beginning with the moves: . 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 "White aims to develop quickly – but so does Black.
The Nimzowitsch Defence (named after Aron Nimzowitsch) is a somewhat uncommon chess opening characterised by the moves: . 1. e4 Nc6. This opening is an example of a hypermodern opening in which Black invites White to occupy the centre of the board at an early stage with pawns. [1]
The Exchange Variation of the Ruy Lopez is a chess opening that begins with the moves: . 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Bxc6. Black may recapture on c6 with either pawn; although 4...bxc6 is playable, 4...dxc6 is almost always chosen at master level.
A line colloquially known as the Berlin draw is often utilized by top-level players to agree to an early draw: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0-0 Nxe4 5.d4 Nd6 6.dxe5 Nxb5 7.a4 Nbd4 8.Nxd4 Nxd4 9.Qxd4 d5 10.exd6 e.p. Qxd6 11.Qe4+ Qe6 12.Qd4 Qd6 13.Qe4+ Qe6 14.Qd4 Qd6, with the game ending in a threefold repetition draw claim on move 14, or on ...
In chess, scholar's mate is the checkmate achieved by the following moves, or similar: . 1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6?? 4. Qxf7 #. The same mating pattern may be reached by various move orders.
Most games featuring 1.d4 Nc6 transpose to other openings. After 2.e4 the Nimzowitsch Defense arises. After 2.Nf3 d5 a variation of the Queen's Pawn Game is possible. After 2.c4 d5 the opening is a Chigorin Defense. There are some lines that are unique to 1.d4 Nc6, most importantly 2.d5 which chases the knight away, usually to e5.
In his 1561 book, Ruy Lopez, seeking to debunk Pedro Damiano, advocated 2...d6 as superior to 2...Nc6, on the grounds that 2...Nc6 allows the strong move 3.Bb5, now known as the Ruy Lopez or Spanish Opening. Philidor evidently concurred with this assessment, though he also considered 2.Nf3 inferior to 2.Bc4.
Since 2006, when it was played in several high-level games, 10.e5 has become very popular. From the standpoint of the theory, it is regarded as White's only attempt to play for a win against the Poisoned Pawn Variation since all other variations (and that includes the other pawn move, 10.f5) have been analysed to a draw with the best play.