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Family factors consist of stress management, emotion regulation skills, collaborative goal setting and problem solving. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] In contrast, individual factors that foster resilience include flexibility , use of social support , rebounding, high expectations, humor, self-efficacy , and self-esteem .
In general, children should demonstrate problem-solving, spatial reasoning, and calculation abilities. [4] Children engage in nonverbal calculation at early ages; however the transition from nonverbal to verbal calculation does not take place until approximately five and half years of age (Mix, Huttenlocher, & Levine, 2002).
Psychological resilience, or mental resilience, is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. [1]The term was popularized in the 1970s and 1980s by psychologist Emmy Werner as she conducted a forty-year-long study of a cohort of Hawaiian children who came from low socioeconomic status backgrounds.
In middle childhood, children implement more complex distraction techniques, cognitive appraisal strategies (e.g., choosing to focus on the positive), and problem solving methods. [25] At 10 years old, children's emotion regulation involves a balance of problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping strategies. [6]
Cognitive development is primarily concerned with how infants and children acquire, develop, and use internal mental capabilities such as: problem-solving, memory, and language. Major topics in cognitive development are the study of language acquisition and the development of perceptual and motor skills.
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching method in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material. The PBL process does not focus on problem solving with a defined solution, but it allows for the development of other desirable skills and attributes.
A rational problem-solving style is defined as a sensible, thoughtful, and methodical application of effective problem-solving skills. [7] [8] This, in turn, is most likely to result in positive outcomes and an exit from the problem solving process for this particular instance. [7] When a negative outcome occurs, a person with rational problem ...
Interventions targeting both children and families have the highest success rates. When children reach preschool age, social competence interventions focus on the preschool context and teach prosocial skills. Such interventions generally entail teaching problem-solving and conflict-management skills, sharing, and improving parenting skills.