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In the late 1980s, John Sweller developed cognitive load theory out of a study of problem solving, [2] in order "to provide guidelines intended to assist in the presentation of information in a manner that encourages learner activities that optimize intellectual performance". [8]
John Sweller (born 1946) is an Australian educational psychologist who is best known for formulating an influential theory of cognitive load. [1] He is currently (i.e., 2020) Professor Emeritus at the University of New South Wales .
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The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [1] [full citation needed] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [2] [page needed] and discovery learning.
Chandler and Sweller found through empirical study that the integration of text and diagrams reduces cognitive load and facilitates learning. [5] They found that the split-attention effect is evident when learners are required to split their attention between different sources of information (e.g., text and diagrams).
The cognitive perspective focuses on the cognitive processes involved in learning as well as how the brain works. [7] The emotional perspective focuses on the emotional aspects of learning, like motivation, engagement, fun, etc. [8] The behavioural perspective focuses on the skills and behavioural outcomes of the learning process. Role-playing ...
The Scapegoat Theory suggests that dominant groups can position “unfocused aggression” on minorities. [ 8 ] Throughout history, there have been several notable social movements of minorities leading to revolutions; while the revolutions are remembered by the public, those who have been leading the change have often been forgotten. [ 6 ]
[3] [5] Cognitive load theory assumes that a learner's existing cognitive resources can influence the effectiveness of instructional techniques. [6] The goal of any learning task is to construct integrated mental representations of the relevant information, which requires considerable working memory resources.