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In a sense that can be made precise, the probability that two randomly chosen integers are coprime is 6/π 2, which is about 61% (see § Probability of coprimality, below). Two natural numbers a and b are coprime if and only if the numbers 2 a – 1 and 2 b – 1 are coprime. [8]
The Goldbach conjecture for practical numbers, a prime-like sequence of integers, was stated by Margenstern in 1984, [33] and proved by Melfi in 1996: [34] every even number is a sum of two practical numbers.
In number theory, Dirichlet's theorem, also called the Dirichlet prime number theorem, states that for any two positive coprime integers a and d, there are infinitely many primes of the form a + nd, where n is also a positive integer. In other words, there are infinitely many primes that are congruent to a modulo d.
In number theory, Ramanujan's sum, usually denoted c q (n), is a function of two positive integer variables q and n defined by the formula = (,) =,where (a, q) = 1 means that a only takes on values coprime to q.
Problem II.8 of the Arithmetica asks how a given square number is split into two other squares; in other words, for a given rational number k, find rational numbers u and v such that k 2 = u 2 + v 2. Diophantus shows how to solve this sum-of-squares problem for k = 4 (the solutions being u = 16/5 and v = 12/5). [29]
The integers 7 and 10 are coprime, ... Euler's theorem is used with n being a product of two large prime numbers, ... the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum ...
In number theory, primes in arithmetic progression are any sequence of at least three prime numbers that are consecutive terms in an arithmetic progression. An example is the sequence of primes (3, 7, 11), which is given by a n = 3 + 4 n {\displaystyle a_{n}=3+4n} for 0 ≤ n ≤ 2 {\displaystyle 0\leq n\leq 2} .
The two first subsections, are proofs of the generalized version of Euclid's lemma, namely that: if n divides ab and is coprime with a then it divides b. The original Euclid's lemma follows immediately, since, if n is prime then it divides a or does not divide a in which case it is coprime with a so per the generalized version it divides b.