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Powered aircraft range is limited by the aviation fuel energy storage capacity (chemical or electrical) considering both weight and volume limits. [1] Unpowered aircraft range depends on factors such as cross-country speed and environmental conditions. The range can be seen as the cross-country ground speed multiplied by the maximum time in the ...
The sectionals are complemented by terminal area charts (TACs) at 1:250,000 scale for the areas around major U.S. airports, and until 2016 by World Aeronautical Charts (WACs) at a scale of 1:1,000,000 for pilots of slower aircraft and aircraft at high altitude. [1] Since February 2021, the charts have been updated on a 56-day publication cycle. [2]
An aeronautical chart is a map designed to assist in the navigation of aircraft, much as nautical charts do for watercraft, or a roadmap does for drivers. Using these charts and other tools, pilots are able to determine their position, safe altitude, best route to a destination, navigation aids along the way, alternative landing areas in case of an in-flight emergency, and other useful ...
Fuel fraction is a key parameter in determining an aircraft's range, the distance it can fly without refueling. Breguet ’s aircraft range equation describes the relationship of range with airspeed , lift-to-drag ratio , specific fuel consumption , and the part of the total fuel fraction available for cruise, also known as the cruise fuel ...
A World Aeronautical Chart (WAC) was a type of aeronautical chart used for navigation by pilots of moderate speed aircraft and aircraft at high altitudes in the United States. They are at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (about 1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles or 16 statute miles).
An en-route (also known as en route [1] or enroute [2]) chart provides detailed information useful for instrument flight, including information on radionavigation aids (navaids) such as VORs and NDBs, navigational fixes (waypoints and intersections), standard airways, airport locations, minimum altitudes, and so on.
At high-subsonic flight speeds, the local speed of the airflow can reach the speed of sound where the flow accelerates around the aircraft body and wings.The speed at which this development occurs varies from aircraft to aircraft and is known as the critical Mach number.
At a glance, the pilot can determine a recommended speed (V speeds) or if speed adjustments are needed. Single and multi-engine aircraft have common markings. For instance, the green arc indicates the normal operating range of the aircraft, from V S1 to V NO. The white arc indicates the flap operating range, V SO to V FE, used for approaches ...