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Water activity values can also help limit moisture migration within a food product made with different ingredients. If raisins of a higher water activity are packaged with bran flakes of a lower water activity, the water from the raisins migrates to the bran flakes over time, making the raisins hard and the bran flakes soggy.
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land.
Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. [194] The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the food chain through zooplankton. [191] [195] [196] Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae. [197]
In time, the water cut will increase, and the well will be watered out. [27] The water may be present in an aquifer (but rarely one replenished with surface water). This water gradually replaces the volume of oil and gas that is produced out of the well, given that the production rate is equivalent to the aquifer activity.
In oil fields, almost all produced water contains oil and suspended solids. [8] Some produced water contains heavy metals and traces of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), which over time deposits radioactive scale in the piping at the well. [9] [10] Metals found in produced water include zinc, lead, manganese, iron, and barium. [11]
All unrefined crude oil has some water entrained within it. During transportation by ship, separation occurs naturally and water collects at the base of the tank below the oil, this is known as free water (FW). [4] Sales contracts for crude oil will typically specify the BS&W and FW to ensure the cargo meets quality standards.
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Oil- (and synthetic-oil-) based drilling fluids can be used to drill water-sensitive shales in areas with difficult drilling conditions. To add inhibition, emulsified brine phase ( calcium chloride ) drilling fluids are used to reduce water activity and creates osmotic forces to prevent adsorption of water by shales .