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There are however standards in place for fiscal automatic sampling of crude oil namely API 8.2 and ISO 3171. [1] Water cut meters are typically used in the petroleum industry to measure the water cut of oil flowing from a well, produced oil from a separator, crude oil transfer in pipelines and in loading tankers. There are several technologies ...
Modern oil content meters also have a data logging system that can store oil concentration measurements for more than 18 months. [2] Oil content meter. If the OCM determines that there is far too much of a type of oil, the OCM may be fouled and needs to be flushed out. [1] Running clean water through the OCM sensor cell is one way it can be ...
Most modern meters combine a venturi flow rate meter, with a gamma densitometer, and some meters have additional measurements for water salinity. The meter measures the flow rates at line pressures, which are typically orders of magnitude greater than atmospheric pressure, but the meter must report the oil and gas volumes at standard ...
Water meter calibration and testing benches employ various methods to evaluate the accuracy and performance of water meters. Each method caters to specific testing requirements, such as flow range, precision, or scalability. Once the water flow is controlled, various measurement methods are employed to assess the performance and accuracy of ...
When the two tendencies are in balance— and the air and food are stable—the air's relative humidity (expressed as a fraction instead of as a percentage) is taken to be the water activity, a w. Thus, water activity is the thermodynamic activity of water as solvent and the relative humidity of the surrounding air at equilibrium.
This approach assumes that the selected technology does not exhibit any significant sensitivity to operating or mechanical variations between calibrations. The meter factor determined at the time of calibration is valid if both dynamic and geometric similarity exists between the field installation and the laboratory installation of the artifact.
Ultrasonic flow meters have negligible pressure drop if recommended installation is followed, have high turndown capability, and can handle a wide range of applications. Crude oil production, transportation, and processing are typical applications for this technology. The use of ultrasonic flowmeters is continuing to grow for custody transfer.
This is called a limited calibration. But if the final measurement requires 10% accuracy, then the 3% gauge never can be better than 3.3:1. Then perhaps adjusting the calibration tolerance for the gauge would be a better solution. If the calibration is performed at 100 units, the 1% standard would actually be anywhere between 99 and 101 units.