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At least 16 different cell types make up the renal tubules. [102] The tubules themselves are divided into at least 14 segments, [102] which differ in cell types and functions. [103] The normal functioning of the kidneys is provided by the complex of epithelial, endothelial, interstitial and immune cells. [104]
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis.The collecting duct participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
This filtrate then flows along the length of the nephron, which is a tubular structure lined by a single layer of specialized cells and surrounded by capillaries. The major functions of these lining cells are the reabsorption of water and small molecules from the filtrate into the blood, and the secretion of wastes from the blood into the urine.
The distal convoluted tubule has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous mitochondria to produce enough energy for active transport to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system.
A nephridiopore is part of the nephridium, an excretory organ found in many organisms, such as flatworms and annelids. [1] Polychaetes typically release their gametes into the water column using nephridiopores. [2] Nephridia are homologous to nephrons or uriniferous tubules found in the kidney of humans. Nephridiopores are present in ventral ...
The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Each kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the perirenal fat present between renal fascia and renal capsule and pararenal fat superior to the renal fascia. The human kidney is a bean-shaped structure with a convex and a concave border ...
The main functions of the urinary system and its components are to: Regulate blood volume and composition (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium) Regulate blood pressure. Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood. Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney. Helps synthesize calcitriol (the active form of Vitamin D).
The distal tubule of the mammalian kidney is the portion of the nephron located between the macula densa region and the cortical collecting tubule. It consists of various subsegments that differ in structure and function, and it is responsible for reabsorbing 5-10% of filtered sodium and chloride under normal circumstances, as well as playing a ...