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CHKDSK and UNDELETE in MS-DOS 5.0 have a bug which can corrupt data: If the file allocation table of a disk uses 256 sectors, running CHKDSK /F can cause data loss and running UNDELETE can cause unpredictable results. This normally affects disks with a capacity of approximately a multiple of 128 MB.
MPEG-1 Layer 3 file without an ID3 tag or with an ID3v1 tag (which is appended at the end of the file) 49 44 33: ID3: 0 mp3 MP3 file with an ID3v2 container 42 4D: BM: 0 bmp dib BMP file, a bitmap format used mostly in the Windows world 43 44 30 30 31: CD001: 0x8001 0x8801 0x9001 iso ISO9660 CD/DVD image file [40] 43 44 30 30 31: CD001: 0x5EAC9 ...
Converts an executable file into a binary file with the extension.com, which is a memory image of the program. The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64 KB. The file must also have no stack segment. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 through 5.
Despite having an ".exe" file extension, native applications cannot be executed by the user (or any program in the Win32 or other subsystems). An example is the autochk.exe binary that runs chkdsk during the system initialization "Blue Screen". Other prominent examples are the services that implement the various subsystems, such as csrss.exe.
For XLSX files that can be opened but not edited, there is another attack. As the file format is a group of XML files within a ZIP; unzipping, editing, and replacing the workbook.xml file (and/or the individual worksheet XML files) with identical copies in which the unknown key and salt are replaced with a known pair or removed altogether ...
A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [23]
This method of file protection was basic. It determined system files by file extension and file path. It was able to restore files from the installation media or a source specified by the user. Windows 98 did not offer real-time system file protection beyond file attributes; therefore, no preventive or reactive measure was available.
Partially recovered files where the original file name cannot be reconstructed are typically recovered to a "lost+found" directory that is stored at the root of the file system. A system administrator can also run fsck manually if they believe there is a problem with the file system. The file system is normally checked while unmounted, mounted ...